This contrasted with growth in the other main religious group categories, with the number of Muslims increasing by the most substantial margin to a total of about 5 per cent. ", Some of the devolved countries, Crown dependencies and British Overseas Territories issue their own sterling banknotes or currencies, or use another nation's currency. [500][501], "British literature" refers to literature associated with the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. [508] From around the seventh century, the connection between Wales and the Old North was lost, and the focus of Welsh-language culture shifted to Wales, where Arthurian legend was further developed by Geoffrey of Monmouth. [252] Tourism is very important to the British economy; with over 27 million tourists arriving in 2004, the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world and London has the most international visitors of any city in the world. [171], The organisation of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements. The UK's name was adopted in 1927 to reflect the change. Farmers are subsidised by the EU's Common Agricultural Policy. [152] The Royal Greenwich Observatory in London was chosen as the defining point of the Prime Meridian[153] in Washington, D.C. in 1884, although due to more accurate modern measurement the meridian actually lies 100 metres to the east of the observatory. The official term rest of the UK (RUK or rUK) is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics[19] and in legislating for student funding.[20]. [37][38][note 13] The term "United Kingdom" has occasionally been used as a description for the former kingdom of Great Britain, although its official name from 1707 to 1800 was simply "Great Britain". Most of the United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with generally cool temperatures and plentiful rainfall all year round. [382][383] In 2011[update], 87.2 per cent of the UK population identified themselves as white, meaning 12.8 per cent of the UK population identify themselves as of one of number of ethnic minority groups. In the countryside, enclosure of the land was driving small farmers out. Cornish, which became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century, is subject to revival efforts and has a small group of second language speakers. ", "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", "Vital Statistics: Population and Health Reference Tables (February 2014 Update): Annual Time Series Data", Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table, "Sexual identity, UK: 2015 – Experimental Official Statistics on sexual identity in the UK in 2015 by region, sex, age, marital status, ethnicity and NS-SEC", "NRS – Background Information Settlements and Localities", "Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests", "Evidence for a segregated social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England", "Scientist – Griffin hijacked my work to make race claim about 'British aborigines, "Victoria and Albert Museum Black Presence", "Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool – Chinese Community", "The demographic characteristics of immigrant populations", "Britain's visible minorities: a demographic overview", "Migration Flows of A8 and other EU Migrants to and from the UK", "Population size: 7.9 per cent from a non-White ethnic group", "2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom", "Table KS201SC – Ethnic group: All people", "Negotiating race and ethnicity: Exploring the implications of the 1991 census", "Population Size: 7.9 per cent from a minority ethnic group", "Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011", "Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): London", "Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): Leicester", "Census 2001 – Ethnicity and religion in England and Wales", Schools, pupils and their characteristics: January 2016, "Britain's amazing technicolour dreamcoat", "English language – Government, citizens and rights", "Languages across Europe: United Kingdom", "Polish becomes England's second language", "The teenagers who translate for their parents", "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, 1.II.1995", "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992", "Differences in estimates of Welsh Language Skills", "United Kingdom: New Report Finds Only One in 10 Attend Church", "The percentage of the population with no religion has increased in England and Wales", "British Social Attitudes: Record number of Brits with no religion", "United Kingdom, a major transformation of the religious landscape", Britannia's children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600, "A summary history of immigration to Britain", "Immigration, Population and Ethnicity: The UK in International Perspective", "Migration Statistics Quarterly Report May 2015", "Migration Statistics Quarterly Report May 2012", "Right of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States", "Home Office shuts the door on Bulgaria and Romania", "Young, self-reliant, educated: portrait of UK's eastern European migrants", "Packing up for home: Poles hit by UK's economic downturn", "6.5 per cent of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4 per cent are born abroad", "Europe: Population and Migration in 2005", "Immigration and births to non-British mothers pushes British population to record high", "Birth Summary Tables, England and Wales, 2014", "Tories call for tougher control of immigration", "Naturalisation as a British Citizen: Concepts and Trends", "summary history of immigration to Britain", "Non-UK Born Population of England and Wales Quadrupled Between 1951 and 2011", "2011 Census analysis: Immigration Patterns of Non-UK Born Populations in England and Wales in 2011", "Tories begin consultation on cap for migrants", "Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration", "The Most Educated Countries in the World", "And the World's Most Educated Country Is…", "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015", "Elitism in Britain – breakdown by profession", "Homeschooling in the UK increases 40% over three years", "Is Oxbridge still a preserve of the posh? [19] The United Kingdom's capital is London, a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million. Following the end of the Cold War, defence policy has a stated assumption that "the most demanding operations" will be undertaken as part of a coalition. [346] This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991. This list includes all countries in the UK, including England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. [34][failed verification], The identity question is confounded further by identity with politics and religion, and particularly by a stance on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. Each of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales has separate national governing bodies for sports and competes separately in many international sporting competitions. British imperial ambition turned towards Asia, particularly to India. [144], In 2016, 51.9 per cent of voters in the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. [471][472][473][474], A government commission's report in 2014 found that privately educated people comprise 7 per cent of the general population of the UK but much larger percentages of the top professions, the most extreme case quoted being 71 per cent of senior judges. Nonetheless, "Britain was a very wealthy country, formidable in arms, ruthless in pursuit of its interests and sitting at the heart of a global production system. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK or U.K.)[15] or informally, Britain,[note 10] is a sovereign country located off the northwestern coast of the European mainland. Section 8 ('Duty of local education authorities to secure provision of primary and secondary schools'), Sections 35–40 ('Compulsory attendance at Primary and Secondary Schools') and Section 61 ('Prohibition of fees in schools maintained by local education authorities ...'), Education Act 1944. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEchard2017 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLindberg_et_al.2005 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrownNewquist1997 (, Colin White (2010). [302] Other major engineering projects and applications by people from the UK include the steam locomotive, developed by Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian;[303] from the 19th century the electric motor by Michael Faraday, the first computer designed by Charles Babbage,[304] the first commercial electrical telegraph by William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone,[305] the incandescent light bulb by Joseph Swan,[306] and the first practical telephone, patented by Alexander Graham Bell;[307] and in the 20th century the world's first working television system by John Logie Baird and others,[308] the jet engine by Frank Whittle, the basis of the modern computer by Alan Turing, and the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee. [452] Analysis of Office for National Statistics (ONS) data shows that a net total of 2.3 million migrants moved to the UK in the 15 years from 1991 to 2006. The British colonies in North America that broke away from Britain in the American War of Independence became the United States of America, recognised by Britain in 1783. [603][604] Scotland, England (and Wales), and Ireland (including Northern Ireland) have competed at the Cricket World Cup, with England winning the tournament in 2019. These include the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, which are unitary authorities in their own right. These include Oscar Wilde,[519][520] Bram Stoker[521] and George Bernard Shaw. [325] The UK is home to a number of large energy companies, including two of the six oil and gas "supermajors" – BP and Royal Dutch Shell. The UK is also closely linked with the Republic of Ireland; the two countries share a Common Travel Area and co-operate through the British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference and the British-Irish Council. ", Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Welsh Government and the Senedd (formerly the National Assembly for Wales)[211] have more limited powers than those devolved to Scotland. Many became members of the Commonwealth of Nations.[130]. [202], The Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats (formerly as the Liberal Party) have, in modern times, been considered the UK's three major political parties,[203] representing the British traditions of conservatism, socialism and liberalism, respectively, though[204] the Scottish National Party has been the third-largest party by number of seats won, ahead of the Liberal Democrats, in all three elections that have taken place since the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land for both criminal and civil appeal cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and any decision it makes is binding on every other court in the same jurisdiction, often having a persuasive effect in other jurisdictions. Two of the top ten performing schools in terms of GCSE results in 2006 were state-run grammar schools. Internationally, they are regarded as "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible". Historically, from 1801, following the Acts of Union, until 1921 the whole island of Ireland was a country within the UK. It is not subject to state control, and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession. [331], In 2009, the UK was the 13th-largest producer of natural gas in the world and the largest producer in the EU. The 2014 Life & Times Survey addressed this to an extent by choosing two of the options from the identity question: British and Irish. [260][261] As other nations industrialised, coupled with economic decline after two world wars, the United Kingdom began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry declined, by degrees, throughout the 20th century.
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