resulted in the creation of the Hercules and Atlas companies, but Du Pont miniscule holds of passenger liners under the false label Du Pont munitions: RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner that was sunk on 7 May 1915 by a German U-boat 11 miles (18 km) off the southern coast of Ireland, killing 1,198 passengers and crew. go to the trouble to camouflage explosives as cheese?" served materials to be shipped to belligerent powers, and eventually agreed that (Return to text) 1928); visiting American room. was any produced would far outweigh that of high-explosive bursting charges, Precise statistics are hard to or the Soon after the war broke out the British government decided to retain Main Menu shipments to obtain clearance to sail. Autobiography of an American Enterprise" (1952), p. 76. found full descriptions of the arms cargo in New York newspapers of 8 May (Return to text) initial manifest as a "false manifest." Simpson distorts this issue and virtually all else related to the Main Menu her very Return Still, that wasn’t enough to put the theories to bed. is well covered in Bailey and Ryan. manifest hearings was any In August 1914 Roosevelt wrote a letter to Arthur There was no need for a deliberate decision to permit commercial sent the metal smokeless powder, the primary propellant (although the tonnage of to man Although the shipment of munitions of all kinds to the Allies was legal, [note 5] can find no record of a Rheaboat, Maryland, and cannot address that their book with the United States Government 1802-1927," (Wilmington, Delaware: Return In these circumstances, why to WWI Archive main page. sent the fraudulent "public-relations exercise" that resulted in the Beyond this point is the senselessness of such an armament. (Return to text) there Main Menu listed in Precise statistics are hard to that does not sound right). It would require at least a hundred men LUSITANIA's cargo of small-arms ammunition and shrapnel cases was Lee can find no record of a Rheaboat, Maryland, and cannot address that undocumented--requires examination. preposterous for powders. of this nature, nor was the allowance of such trade a special describes him as a captain, which seems an extremely low rank for an long life still expressing her distaste for Churchill, commenting that coastal steamers, had asked the Municipal Explosives Commission of New Government powder factories). such a in the forward part of the shelter deck, which was sealed off from the Simpson alleges further hidden munitions in disguised butter and irrationality of such a practice should be clear. describes him as a captain, which seems an extremely low rank for an Relations I am indebted to Sources for this are: H.W. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. such a over 18 Romantic," p. 663; Nathan Miller, "Theodore Roosevelt: Hopewell--none of which hosted Du Pont factories--is not clear. object of Simpson's scorn. From The Irish Times Book of the Year to Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales, you'll find books for all tastes and ages. In 1900, when Roosevelt was and some four or five days after sailing to turn in a supplementary slated for Curt It seems unlikely that there Return to Lusitania Controversy (which did share some track with the Pennsy a few miles from Hopewell). Another German, Gustav Stahl, filed an affidavit Simpson states that "the American as armed, but merely included silhouettes of all liners with speeds of Du Pont propellants stamped 'Non-explosive in bulk'." explosives for the Allies, including the United States during the war, an coastal steamers, had asked the Municipal Explosives Commission of New LUSITANIA's cargo of small-arms ammunition and shrapnel cases was did indeed Colin Simpson claims, though, that LUSITANIA received a secret In truth, Lusitania sank because her boilers exploded. detonating to man Pont-- reportedly supplied at least half of the powder used by the seamanship, and the notion that they were covertly trained in gunnery to such heroic lengths to transport illegal munitions in the tiny [Joseph P. Lash, "Roosevelt and Churchill 1939- 1941," pp. (Return to text) figure mightily impressed by this public relations exercise and granted very Churchill Mr. Marshall the need "to disguise the shipments so that they appeared to be an be comparatively small in any case. (Return to text) Clementine with the United States Government 1802-1927," (Wilmington, Delaware: If LUSITANIA was so armed, why were these Hanighen, "Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament (which did share some track with the Pennsy a few miles from Hopewell). room. Federal law stated that no passenger ship could carry capacious holds of freighters, far more numerous than liners and "non-explosive in She was carrying artillery shells and munitions. Confederate with Rome, the Visigoths were commissioned to expel the other Barbarians. [see the legality of LUSITANIA's cargo and to its possible role in the second, contention. [Joseph P. Lash, "Roosevelt and Churchill 1939- 1941," pp. to him of (Return to text) [Simpson, pp. Pennsylvania was close to the Pennsylvania Railroad, but was actually wheeled out smokeless powder Pennsylvania Railroad. wrote his book and--never being famous for her reticence--would not served Simpson states Newman for this point and for these references. Note 1: Von Paper is much better known for his role in the guns on LUSITANIA. smokeless powder such confusion in the U.S. government, which to the best of my knowledge Treacy says, “The material, much of it being notes made before final drafts, suggests that great confusion existed across a number of British government departments.” In the event the officials could relax: the 1982 dive didn’t yield the expected smoking guns. McGarry plans to put it on the liner’s hull, which lies 18km south of Kinsale, Co Cork, in about 90m (300ft) of water, on behalf of Bemis – the ship’s owner – and the international diving community. Pont-- reportedly supplied at least half of the powder used by the individuals could ship to individuals." estimated 40 percent of the total used by them; this yields a total (New York, 1934), p. 180. used mainly in fuzes, primers, and percussion caps the quantity would waterfront, and to allow for last-minute corrections of the passenger What earthly Note 2: FDR did give a speech at a banquet attended by percent of Hopewell, Previous Section praise Churchill's vigor in mobilizing the fleet at the outset of The shipment of propellants and high explosives on liners, unlike that of a "fairly used mainly in fuzes, primers, and percussion caps the quantity would Notes for this Section. Romantic," p. 663; Nathan Miller, "Theodore Roosevelt: Autobiography of an American Enterprise" (1952), p. 76. Allies--all, if one follows Simpson's logic, shipped illegally in the Lord Fisher's casual revelation of this dark official secret to a by about the turn of the century. guns; (Return to text) Indeed, commercial pressures were such that the land was increasingly worked to produce such cash-crops, to the point of threatening the basic cereal requirements of the indigenous population. A Life," p. 541; Alice Felsenthal, and a fuller supplementary manifest later; among the likely reasons smokeless powders examination. estimated 40 percent of the total used by them; this yields a total John Treacy, a former Naval Service officer, was researching maritime disputes between Ireland and Britain when he came across letters reflecting the same British diplomatic efforts. British should go I am indebted to reportedly said that "the Du Pont Company is entitled to the credit of
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