Those less fortunate were carried into swampland or into the mangroves that fringe the lagoon where some were impaled or were buried under piles of logs and debris.

People ran from the approaching waves but almost all were caught. In between, two small aftershocks are documented by the National Earthquake Information Center at respectively 09:02:06 (mb = 4.4) and 09:06:03 (no magnitude reported): (Synolakis et al., 2002). 5.5 The thunderous boom and the roaring noise. The greatest damage was in sector DE (Fig. These extreme wave heights were confirmed by survivors at Arop and Warapu, who spoke of waves as high as the tops of the coconut palms. Alternatively, as was suggested by John Sanawe (see under 4), the thunderous boom may have been caused by the gas-driven(?)

Report to Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan. Tappin, D.R., Matsumoto, T., Watts, P., Satake, K., McMurtry, G.M., Matsuyama, M., Lafoy, Y., Tsuji, Y., Kanamatsu, T., Lus, W., Iwabachi, Y., Yeh, H., Matsumoto, Y., Nakamura, M., Moihoi, M., Hill, P., Crook, K., Anton, L., and Walsh, J.P. (1999): Sediment slump likely caused the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami.

There are still a number of issues about the tsunami that are unclear or unresolved as are discussed below. The height of the tsunami waves was unexpected because of the relatively moderate magnitude of the initial earthquake. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Research Project, Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (B) no. 2-22 and 2-25).

At Malol the shaking was strong enough to cause concern that the water tanks at the Mission might collapse. The revised wave height needs to be taken into account in models of the source of the tsunami. (1999): Earthquakes. However, it is unlikely that the waves were 10-15 m high as they approached the beach. While carrying out the program there was opportunity to interview many of the survivors and, in later months, to spend some time in geological investigations (Davies, 1998a, b; J.M. Damage was less on either side of the 14-km sector. Despite these disadvantages, a response to the disaster was cobbled together, and was followed by a strong recovery program. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia, Report 180. East and west of DE, wave heights recorded by the international team were lower, at 2-4 m above sea level (Kawata, Benson et al., 1999). Men were painting a canoe, young people were playing touch football and their elders were moving around in the villages. Hurukawa, N., Tsuji, Y. and Waluyo, B. However, these enquiries were never the main thrust of the program and were never pursued exhaustively.

Firstly, many observers saw a flash of red light along the seaward horizon at or near the time of the main shock. The earthquake struck the north coast region of Papua New Guinea, 16 miles from the coast near Aitape, and caused a large undersea landslide, which in turn caused a tsunami that hit the coast. The first outside help arrived 16 hours after the event on the Saturday morning, and a major rescue effort began a day later, 40 hours after the event. By 7.20 or 7.25 pm the water had retreated, though much standing water remained.

(this volume), amongst others. This is evidenced in the flooding and erosion of the tip of the Warapu peninsula at the mouth of the lagoon (Fig.

The sediments that underlie the Aitape coast are known to contain petroleum. Although there was clear evidence for maximum wave heights of 10-15 m onshore in sector DE (ITST, 1998; Kawata, Tsuji et al., 1999; Kawata, Benson et al., 1999), it is almost certain that the height of the waves as they approached and reached the beach was about 4 m (see under 4.3, above). Shuto, N. (1999): A short history of tsunami defense works in Japan. It caused damage along 45 km of coastline (AH in Fig. The information from the youths was published (Davies, 1998a, p. 26) and was adopted as a key argument in at least one published paper (Tappin et al., 2001), but could be in error. The 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake was a magnitude 7.0 earthquake that took place in the early evening of Friday, July 17, 1998. Neither solution seems apt for the roaring sound that preceded the tsunami at Aitape.

Holian, A. C., and Keith, P. P. (1998): Orthopaedic surgery after the Aitape tsunami. 1), the arrival of the waves was recorded by several observers independently at 09.14 or 09:15 UT (7.14 or 7.15 pm), 2-3 minutes after the aftershocks. Dramatic evidence of the power of the waves was preserved in the low country inland from Arop and Mak, at the eastern end of DE, where clumps of wild sago palm were lifted and overturned by the waves, and tall trees were uprooted and transported inland for hundreds of meters, like so much match wood (Fig. Davies, H.L. Re-examination of the Source Mechanism of the 1998 Papua New Guinea Earthquake and Tsunami Imamura, Fumihiko; Hashi, Kazumasa; Abstract. Geophysical Journal International 122:961-981. )., Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade. The mission station and the adjacent villages , 200-300 m from the beach, were not damaged; this included Tainyapin village, which is on a low-lying island in the lagoon.

The numbers indicate the time the wave arrived at the coast, shown as minutes after the earthquake of 08:49 hours Universal Time.

Minor roads connect to some of the nearby villages and the coastal villages are accessible by powered dinghy. (1999, 2001), Synolakis et al.

At Sissano Mission the earthquake caused minor damage to the 62-year-old church, and in the nearby villages some houses collapsed.

Marine Geology 130, 333-344. At the Mission, buildings more than 400 m from the coast were not damaged. Matsutomi, H., Kawata, Y., Shuto, N., Tsuji, Y., Fujima, K., Imamura, F., Matsuyama, M., Takahashi, T., Maki, N., and Han, S.S., 2001, Flow strength on land and damage of the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami.



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