The paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces located within certain bones of the skull (Figure 16). The mandible is the only moveable bone of the skull. Tests for serum ALP levels are part of the standard comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) that is used in routine exams. The roof of the skull is generally well formed, and although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, they are usually given similar names for convenience. To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Figure 14. At the intersection of four bones is the pterion, a small, capital-H-shaped suture line region that unites the frontal bone, parietal bone, squamous portion of the temporal bone, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone. It functions as an anterior attachment point for one of the covering layers of the brain. Inside the skull, the floor of the cranial cavity is subdivided into three cranial fossae (spaces), which increase in depth from anterior to posterior (see Figure 4, Figure 6b, and Figure 9). **. Occasionally there can be peculiar complete or partial absence of ossification in one or more vertebrae. The skull consists of the rounded brain case that houses the brain and the facial bones that form the upper and lower jaws, nose, orbits, and other facial structures. [4] The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). A third bony plate, also part of the ethmoid bone, is the superior nasal concha. At birth, the human skull is made up of 44 separate bony elements. There is a remarkable variety of symptoms that depends, largely, on the age of the patient at initial presentation, ranging from death in utero to relatively mild problems with dentition in adult life. As a result of defects in the development of the dental cementum, the deciduous teeth (baby teeth) are often lost before the age of 5. The fusion between the various bones is especially notable in birds, in which the individual structures may be difficult to identify. In living tetrapods, a great many of the original bones have either disappeared or fused into one another in various arrangements. http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@9.1, List and identify the bones of the brain case and face, Locate the major suture lines of the skull and name the bones associated with each, Locate and define the boundaries of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae, the temporal fossa, and infratemporal fossa, Define the paranasal sinuses and identify the location of each, Name the bones that make up the walls of the orbit and identify the openings associated with the orbit, Identify the bones and structures that form the nasal septum and nasal conchae, and locate the hyoid bone.
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