(2017, Jan 02). [45] The study found that it was "primarily England's spurt and India's stagnation in the first half of the nineteenth century that brought about most serious differences in the standard of living. Coal production increased in Bengal, largely to satisfy the demand of the railroads. Bentley, Jerry. [94] Economic historian Paul Bairoch estimated that China's GNP per capita in 1800 was $228 in 1960 US dollars ($1,007 in 1990 dollars), higher than Western Europe's $213 ($941 in 1990 dollars) at the time. [41] China had more large cities but far fewer small ones than in contemporary Europe. [117] British colonial rule has been blamed for the subsequently dismal state of British India's economy, with investment in Indian industries limited since it was a colony. The Industrial Revolution overcame these restraints, allowing rapid, sustained growth in per capita incomes for the first time in human history. The Pagan Christ: Recovering the Lost Light. [4] McNeill, on the other hand, stresses the diffusion of techniques and ideas, making connections between civilizations crucially important. [80] Pomeranz rejects the view that market institutions were the cause of the Great Divergence, and concludes that China was closer to the ideal of a market economy than Europe. Technology led to increased industrialization and economic complexity in the areas of agriculture, trade, fuel and resources, further separating the East and the West. [117] Although Britain had limited cotton imports to protect its own industries, they allowed cheap British products into colonial India from the early 19th century. [50] Mughal Bengal, the most developed region, in particular, was globally prominent in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding. Starting from ancient Sumer, McNeil travels back and forth across continents and oceans to outline A History of the Human Community defined by the cycle of growth->collision->merger->repeat until we reach the era when McNeil was writing, when minimal area of the globe remained untouched by globalizing influences. five times higher than $400 (1990 international dollars),[97] or $2,000 per capita. Kamala Harris and the rise of Indian-origin politicians in the West. (1983). Before 1750, Western superiority is similar in scope to the primacy previously enjoyed by other regions. Exposing the Proto-industrial hand spinners and weavers in the territories the British East India Company administered in India to competition from machine spun threads, and woven fabrics, resulting in De-Proto-Industrialization,[119] with the decline of native manufacturing opening up new markets for British goods. [135], Differences in property rights have been cited as a possible cause of the Great Divergence. These diffusions profoundly influenced development, specifically in Western Europe, resulting in population growth and increased agricultural, industrial and economic production. This is true especially in the Ming-Qing dynasties, when the social status of merchants had risen to such significance[149][150][151] that by the late Ming period, many scholar-officials were unabashed to declare publicly in their official family histories that they had family members who were merchants. Copyright © 2009 Asia fo Educators, Columbia University, Class Activities: Comparing and Contrasting Points of View, Teachersâ Guide with Study Questions: China and Europe, 1500-2000, Rethinking the rise of the West: Global Commodities, Standards of Modernity â China and Europe, Parallels in England and the Yangzi Basin of China in the 1800s, Bridging World History (Annenberg/CPB Media), Unit #18, China and the West, 1500-2000: What is Modern? [21] Economic historian Jean Barou estimated that, in terms of 1960 dollars, Egypt in 1800 had a per-capita income of $232 ($1,025 in 1990 dollars). I like that McNeill says the Marxists, liberals and conservatives all have it wrong. An understanding of the logic of the method of historical inquiry by means of a comparison and assessment of the different ways in which historians in the last two centuries have interpreted the dominance of the West in global affairs. In some ways very prescient, in some ways this broad survey of civilization feels very dated. The claim that Europeans exhibited uniquely inventive spirits and exceptional curiosity which lead to the development of capitalism, democracy and everything that defines modernity based on their innately superior intellectual capacity would be irresponsible, yet some scholars ascribe to that theory. On the other hand, they claimed that the West of the late medieval era did not have a central authority or absolute state, which allowed for a free flow of ideas (Rosenberg, Birdzell, 1986). [78], However, Robert Brenner and Chris Isett emphasize differences in land tenancy rights.
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