In some areas drinking water supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated for years by saltwater from the ocean. [24] The earthquake produced its own aftershocks (some registering a magnitude of as high as 6.1) and presently ranks as the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on the moment magnitude or Richter magnitude scale. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands appear to have shifted south-west by around 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in) and to have sunk by 1 m (3 ft 3 in). However, most of the damage was the result of the tsunami that struck the coastal regions of the Aceh and to a much lesser extent the North Sumatra provinces. Long-term seismic activity prior to the December 26, 2004, off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, M W =9.0 earthquake was investigated using the Harvard CMT catalogue. [5][65][66], Meulaboh, a remote coastal city, was among the hardest hit by the tsunami. The environmental impact will take a long time and significant resources to assess. The rupture proceeded at about 2.8 km/s (1.7 mi/s; 10,000 km/h; 6,300 mph), beginning off the coast of Aceh and proceeding north-westerly over about 100 seconds. In Aceh and Sumatera Utara Provinces, Indonesia, at least 108,100 people were killed, 127,700 are missing and presumed dead and 426,800 were displaced by the earthquake and tsunami. Government officials in Indonesia acknowledged they were forced to make crude estimates of the death toll because of the scale of the devastation and the breakdown of civil governance. ". Fifteen thousand troops, who were in the region to fight the insurgency, were dispatched to render assistance and to search for survivors. [62], Lhoknga is a small coastal community about 13 km (8.1 mi) south-west of Banda Aceh, located on a flat coastal plain in between two rainforest-covered hills, overlooking a large bay and famous for its large swathe of white sandy beach and surfing activities. 2002. After a pause of about another 100 seconds, the rupture continued northwards towards the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. [33], The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth's surface of up to 200–300 mm (8–12 in), equivalent to the effect of the tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon. Accelerated preshock deformation of broad regions in the Aegean area [J]. Use, Smithsonian Thailand was struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast. - 64.150.177.237. However, when the seawalls were made of loose stones, the stones were displaced and carried a few metres inland. Es 20X10^17 Joules, or 475,000 kilotons (475 megatons) of TNT, or the equivalent of 23,000 Nagasaki bombs. This considerably outweighed the allocation by the government to disaster relief and reconstruction of £75 million and came to an average of about £5.50 (US$10) donated by every citizen. All of them are believed to be greater than magnitude 9, but no accurate measurements were available at the time. Maldives Report", "Death toll in Asian tsunami disaster tops 159,000", "Asian tsunami death toll passes 144,000", "Tsunami Evaluation Coalition: Initial Findings", "The South Sandwich Islands earthquake of 27 June 1929: seismological study and inference on tsunami risk for the southern Atlantic", "YEMEN: Tsunami damage over US$1 million – UNEP assessment", "Tsunamis Devastate Fisherfolk of Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea", "Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihoods", "Food supply and food security situation in countries affected by the Asia tsunami – Indonesia", "Demand for FRP boats rise after tsunami", Tsunami's salt water may leave islands uninhabitable, "The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Socio-Economic Impacts in Thailand", Tsunami redrew ship channels, ocean floor. By February 2005, the earthquake's effects were still detectable as a 20 μm (0.02 mm; 0.0008 in) complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth's surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than four months after the earthquake.[34]. It is observed that before this great earthquake, there exists an accelerating moment release (AMR) process with the temporal scale of a quarter century and the spatial scale of 1 500 km. [citation needed], The hardest-hit area, Aceh, is a religiously conservative Islamic society and has had no tourism nor any Western presence in recent years due to the insurgency between the Indonesian military and Free Aceh Movement (GAM). The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative The cyclic and fractal seismic series preceding an m [80] Given the enormous power of the tsunami, the fishing industry suffered the greatest. 0000004949 00000 n
Tsunamis there are relatively rare despite earthquakes being relatively frequent in Indonesia. In Sri Lanka, the civilian casualties were second only to those in Indonesia. A week after the earthquake, its reverberations could still be measured, providing valuable scientific data about the Earth's interior. [citation needed] Then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years. Additionally, amateur footage recorded in the middle of the city captured an approaching black surge flowing down the city streets, full of debris, inundating them. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. At Patong Beach, a tourist mecca, tsunami heights were 5–6 m (16–20 ft) and the inundated depth was about 2 m (6.6 ft). A second team found similar evidence of previous tsunamis in Aceh, a province at the northern tip of Sumatra; radiocarbon dating of bark fragments in the soil below the second sand layer led the scientists to estimate that the most recent predecessor to the 2004 tsunami probably occurred between A.D. 1300 and 1450. It also benefited from the fact that the earthquake proceeded more slowly in the northern rupture zone, greatly reducing the energy of the water displacements in that region. She and her parents warned others on the beach, which was evacuated safely. Another factor is that some coasts of Taninthayi Division were protected by offshore islands of the Myeik Archipelago. However, the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process, and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami. Further, Phi Phi Le Island shields the port of Phi Phi Don Island. The magnitude 8.7 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake, which originated off the coast of the Sumatran island of Nias, is not considered an aftershock, despite its proximity to the epicentre, and was most likely triggered by stress changes associated with the 2004 event. Northern Sumatra took damage from the earthquake itself as a tsunami landed on it. Eyewitnesses often compared the December tsunami heights with the "rainy-season high tide"; although at most locations, the tsunami height was similar or smaller than the "rainy-season high tide" level. However, others caution that damage to infrastructure is an overriding factor. [139], The widespread devastation caused by the tsunami led GAM to declare a cease-fire on 28 December 2004 followed by the Indonesian government, and the two groups resumed long-stalled peace talks, which resulted in a peace agreement signed 15 August 2005. [50] At Manzanillo, Mexico, a 2.6 m (8.5 ft) crest-to-trough tsunami was measured. Island folklore recounted an earthquake and tsunami in 1907, and the islanders fled to inland hills after the initial shaking and before the tsunami struck. Geophys J Int, 148: 193–200. It has been reported that severe damage has been inflicted on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater. In the Krishna district, the tsunami created havoc in Manginapudi and on Machalipattanam Beach. The second and third waves came in 10-minute intervals after the first. [80], The tsunami effects varied greatly across different coastal areas according to the number of waves experienced, the inundation distance and height of waves, and the population density of the area, and topological and geographical features. Long-term seismic activity prior to the December 26, 2004, off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, M W=9.0 earthquake was investigated using the Harvard CMT catalogue. The first warning sign of a possible tsunami is the earthquake itself. The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate. As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake resulted in a rise of the seafloor by several metres, displacing an estimated 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. An Indonesian Navy ship bringing aid supplies to Meulaboh was forced to turn away after it was unable to dock because the port facilities were destroyed. [159], Megathrust underwater earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean, Campbell, Matthew; Loveard, Keith; et al.
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