However, in the marine realm, there are examples where mobility is used as a strategy to conserve resources: regular travels by Bajau to areas off their all-day fishing grounds were also a traditional strategy to avoid local overexploitation [64]. The rise of trepang fishing in the 17th century added valuable export merchandize to the rich shallow seas surrounding the islands of Southeast Asia. As is turned out, the vessels came from Makassar. – 45:50. However, it wasn't just physical objects that were traded - ideas, technology, songs, dance, stories and ceremonies could also be offered. We would like to thank the participants of the Oceans Past II conference in Vancouver 2009, Michael Flitner, Ambo Tuwo, Bert Hoeksema and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. For centuries, trepang has played an important role in the economic development of maritime Southeast Asia. Both Kei and Aru soon developed into major fishing grounds. They seen the Macassan people, they thought it was spirit. In this region, some 80–100 species are known, up to half of which have some commercial value. In 1921, Spermonde was still named as one of the richest trepang fishing grounds [40]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011346, Editor: Sharyn Jane Goldstien, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, Received: March 5, 2010; Accepted: May 30, 2010; Published: June 29, 2010. Yes It is difficult to determine how many species of trepang were fished. No, Is the Subject Area "Coral reefs" applicable to this article? However, the more or less stable level of trepang exported from the region over a long time seems to confirm that overfishing, if it occurred, was probably a temporary problem of a limited area that was fished out for the year, but replenished before the next [5]. This continuously growing demand also becomes obvious from the amounts exported from Makassar shown in Table 1. We suggest that understanding the similarities and differences between historical and recent exploitation of marine resources is an important step towards effective management solutions. Yet, Boomgard [2:113] concludes that trepang seemingly “appears out of nowhere” in 1720 in the records of the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC). In exchange for allowing the Macassans access to gather the sea creatures, the Yolngu received goods such as cloth, tobacco, rice and knives. From the few sources available, it seems fair to assume that some overfishing did occur, but was restricted to certain locations and limited periods of time. Research for this article was initiated by a systematic search of digitalized documents available in the online repository of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV) in Leiden, The Netherlands and through google books. Yes What happened? The Makassar contact with Aborigines had a significant effect on the latter culture, and likely there were also cross-cultural influences. Bajau have often been described as the only people engaged in commercial fishing and collecting resources along the shores in Sulawesi [8]. Podcast No.14 “Balanda destroyed our Clan income and contract giving.”, Flour Story 5 of 5 Ever wondered how Yolngu and Balanda Law is similar?
The importance of trepang for the livelihoods of many people in the Moluccas is also documented by the fact that institutions which governed the right to capture marine animals were developed [31]. Roving bandits profit from the de facto open access nature of marine resources in many areas, where property rights are not defined or secured. More flexible regulations (may) help to include local communities in conservation measures, which in turn increases their effectiveness [65]. The rise of trepang fishing in the 17 th century added valuable export merchandize to the rich shallow seas surrounding the islands of Southeast Asia. For 300 years, trepang remained a major export commodity in island Southeast Asia. When the wind changed in about April, the vessels returned to Makassar. ‘The interesting thing is that as human beings, we’ve been endowed with both free-will and choice: The ability to make decisions.’. Some areas of the Aru Islands employed sasi teripang until recently [30]. Kolff [13:175–176]; described the collection: “At low water hundreds of men, with their wives and children, may be perceived wading from Vorkay towards these islets, (the water being only two or three feet deep,) carrying a basket at their backs, and having in their hands a stick provided with an iron point. Whereas the Aru islanders originally” did not embark on their fishing excursions until after they had received advances from the traders, who had to await their return “… they now fished whenever the weather permitted” whether traders were present or not “[29:492–493]. 7. While sasi thus is a local institution, it has been suggested that Dutch colonial administrators did assist local elites in recrafting and deploying sasi practices to control access to marine commodities [34]. The Bajau people originally were sea nomads, travelling long distances in search of valuable collecting grounds and thereby opening many trading routes. More frequent references began to emerge in the late seventeenth century and indicate that trepang must have already been a common food at this time. The Spermonde Archipelago remained an important collection site over time. Commercially relevant trepang varieties with their local and scientific names. According to VOC sources, in the second half of the 18th century one pikul of this variety was worth 77.5 rixdollars, while the cheapest kind (black trepang) sold for 10 rixdollars. Data was then augmented by original documents derived mainly from two archives: the KITLV in Leiden, and the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia (ANRI) in Jakarta, Indonesia. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011346. The first hint came from Earl [9], who wrote that the Dutch navigator Pieter Pieterson visited the Aru Islands (III) in 1636 and had reported that the trepang fishery then merely existed. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. REGULAR readers may remember a past column which discussed traditional Aboriginal star stories and how the song lines or dreaming tracks were the routes that the ancestral spirits travelled to form the landscape during the Dreaming - the time of creation. As a matter of fact, a number of sources do contain descriptions which can be interpreted as more or less obvious signs of early overfishing. - No8, If the Macassans were still trading today, Yolngu Elders would still be businessmen – 00:00, The first industry in Sydney was fur seal.
This strengthens the demand for spatial and temporal flexibility in the management of marine resources. Due to the extensive work of Charles Campbell Macknight, we have a relatively complete picture of the size and sophistication of what he has called “Australia's first modern industry” [5:1]. Also, new technology enabled far more efficient harvesting. Larger individuals occurring at greater depths possibly provided a pool of individuals that could replenish the population once it was depleted in shallow waters [43]. This podcast looks at the international trade between Yolngu people across Arnhem Land and the Macassans. At least since the 18th century, a specific form of sasi was applied to trepang, the sasi teripang. Because of its importance as an item of trade, and certainly also because of its unusual appearance to early European travellers, there are a number of historical sources available allowing us to follow the history of trepang fishing and trade in Island Southeast Asia, with Makassar (Ujung Pandang) in South Sulawesi as a major trading hub. If we have a business are we rich for life? In 1999, a survey in the Indo-Pacific revealed that four of the once most common species were totally absent from 39% of the surveyed reefs [62]. Authors such as Macknight [5], Sutherland [3] and Dai [6] agree that sea cucumbers were first derived from Hainan and Japan, before Southeast Asia became the centre of exploitation. Fishing for sea cucumbers became more effective. In Arnhem Land it was natural pearls & trepang – 11:19, Young people would be learning to grow pearls if the Macassans were still trading to Arnhem Land – 22:06, The trepang trade.
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