For example, the prefix milli (m) is associated with a 10−3 multiple, so that a millimeter (mm) is 10−3 meters, a milligram (mg) is 10−3 grams, and a milliliter (mL) is 10−3 liters. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window), on 7 Systems of Measurement and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Calculations, 7 Systems of Measurement and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Calculations, 12 General Guidelines for Preparing Compounded Drug Preparations, 14 Selection and Use of Weighing and Measuring Equipment, A Practical Guide to Contemporary Pharmacy Practice. In the United Kingdom, Canada, and some other commonwealth countries, the British Imperial system of mass is still sometimes used. In USP Chapter 〈1101〉 Medicine Dropper, a Pharmacopeial medicine dropper is described; the specifications state that the tip delivers between 45 mg and 55 mg of water per drop (7). T-Shirts, The traditional English apothecaries' system of weights is as shown in the table, the pound, ounce and grain being identical to the troy pound, ounce and grain.In the United Kingdom, a reform in 1826 made the troy pound the primary weight unit (a role in which it was superseded half a century later by the Avoirdupois pound), but this had no effect on apothecaries' weights. e. Metric units of length, volume, and weight most commonly used in pharmacy and medicine are given in Table 7.2. Also note that, while the SI symbol for micro is the lowercase Greek letter mu (μ), this symbol should not be used when expressing doses (e.g., use mcg instead of μg), because μg can easily be misread as mg (see Table 1.1 in Chapter 1). As with the apothecaries’ system of weights, it was formerly used for prescriptions and compounding formulas. For many years, the reference standard for the meter was a platinum–iridium bar with etch marks delineating a meter; a 1-kg platinum–iridium block was used as the standard for mass. For example, write “5 mL” (not “5 mLs”), but write “5 milliliters.”, e. When a symbol is a compound unit, and it is a quotient of two units, that quotient may be designated with a solidus (forward slash mark, “/”) or a negative exponent (e.g., g/cm3 or g cm−3). The avoirdupois pound contains 7,000 grains, or 256 drams of The initial basic units of the metric system are the same in SI, but some units were added or updated and some of the symbols and notation were slightly changed and were standardized. Chapter 〈1221〉 directs that liquid medications formulated for oral administration by teaspoon be made on the basis of 5-mL units (6). Intersystem Conversion for Weights and Volumes, Temperature Conversions and Calculation of Mean Kinetic Temperature. The Avoirdupois System originates from France and is commonly used today in the United States to describe units of weight. Standards were desired that were based on unchanging physical characteristics of specified elements. a. Start studying Avoirdupois System - Pharmacy Compounding. See Tables 7.4 and 7.7 for other equivalents and conversion factors. These lists and other useful information on SI can be found in the book Guide to the Use of the Metric System [SI Version], which is available from the U.S. b. It is the everyday system of weight used in the United States, and is still widely used to varying degrees by many people in Ireland, Canada, the United Kingdom, and some other former English colonies despite the official adoption of the metric system. We still measure and give our body weight in terms of pounds, buy butter and meat by the pound and pasta and cereal by the ounce, and have postage for letters and packages calculated based on ounces and pounds. It is no longer an official system for medicine and pharmacy, and its use is strongly discouraged. d. Other metric units of length, volume, and weight are achieved by applying prefixes to an appropriate stem unit: meter (m), liter (L), or gram (g). Chapter 〈1221〉 Teaspoon states that although an American Standard Teaspoon has been established by the American National Standards Institute as containing 4.93 ± 0.24 mL, for household use this volume is taken to be 5 mL. Uppercase letters are used for symbols indicating powers of 106 and higher. 3. Two examples may help to illustrate this: At one time the abbreviation “Gm” was sometimes used as a symbol for gram, but under SI this is the symbol for gigameter; the abbreviation “gr” has sometimes been mistakenly used or misinterpreted to mean gram, but it is the symbol for the apothecaries’/avoirdupois grain, which equals 64.8 mg. 2. It is essential that all health care personnel know and use precisely the correct SI symbols. Its primary purpose was to provide me with ready access to commonly needed c. Although the official basic unit of mass in SI is the kilogram, the gram (g) has been used as the basic stem unit (see later). The section on volumetric apparatus in Chapter 14 of this book describes the procedure needed to calibrate a medicine dropper before using it as a dosing device. = 16 ounces (oz.) f. As noted earlier in the example of milli (m) and mega (M), letter case is important. As stated previously, only the grain has the same mass in both the apothecaries’ and avoirdupois systems (and in the British Imperial system). The reference standards for these basic units have changed over the years as technology has advanced. In pharmacy and medicine, we most often need to measure or use units of length, mass, and volume. Because 1 mL (1 mL = 0.001 L) is equal to 1 cm3, 1 mL of water also has a mass of 1 g. [Note that kilograms and grams are units of mass (not weight), even though in practice we usually use the term weight when we actually mean mass. 7. One gram is the mass of 1 cm3 of water at 4°C. Some of the SI rules with regard to letter case are given here. the time and bandwidth was a scarce commodity. 3. my  ridiculously low−priced products, all of which I created. 4. You will sometimes see the abbreviation “cc” used for cubic centimeter, but this notation does not follow SI conventions.

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